ANIKET NCERT

  Aim :-   To estimate the Net Primary Production (NPP) of an aquatic ecosystem.  Apparatus :-  - Light and dark bottles (BOD bottles or similar) - Water sampler (e.g., Van Dorn sampler) -  turbidity meter - pH meter - Temperature probe - Dissolved oxygen (DO) meter or oxygen electrodes - Stopclock or timer - Calculator or computer with statistical software Theory :-  - Net Primary Production (NPP) is the rate at which plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis - The light and dark bottle method measures the change in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the water over time - The difference in DO levels between the light and dark bottles represents the NPP Chemicals Used :-  1. *Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)*: Used to remove chlorine and chloramines from the water sample, which can interfere with DO measurements. 2. *Manganese sulfate (MnSO4)*: Used as a catalyst to facilitate the oxidation of iodide to iodine in the Winkler method for DO meas...

Aim :-  - To estimate the diversity indices of a given ecosystem Apparatus :-  - Quadrats or sampling frames - Measuring tapes or ropes - Species identification guides (e.g., field manuals, taxonomic keys) - Data sheets and pencils - Calculator or computer with statistical software Theory :-  - Diversity indices are mathematical measures of species diversity in an ecosystem - Common diversity indices include Shannon-Wiener Index (H), Simpson's Index (D), and Simpson's Reciprocal Index (1/D) - These indices take into account species richness (number of species) and evenness (relative abundance of each species)     Procedure :-  1. *Sampling*: Randomly select sampling sites within the ecosystem. Use quadrats or sampling frames to define the sampling area. 2. *Species Identification*: Identify all species present within the sampling area using species identification guides. 3. *Abundance Data*: Record the abundance (number of individuals) of each species withi...

Aim :- To estimate the net primary productivity (NPP) of a grassland ecosystem using the harvest method. Materials :- 1. Quadrats (square or rectangular frames) of a fixed size (e.g., 1m x 1m) 2. Clippers or scissors 3. Balance or weighing machine 4. Data sheet and pencil 5. Calculator Theory :-  Net primary productivity (NPP) is the rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy. The harvest method involves measuring the above-ground biomass of vegetation in a quadrat at two different times, usually at the beginning and end of a growing season. NPP = GPP - R Where: NPP = Net Primary Productivity (the amount of biomass produced by plants) GPP = Gross Primary Productivity (the total amount of biomass produced by plants, without any losses) R = Respiration (the process by which plants consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide) According to this formula, NPP is less than GPP because plants use a portion of their biomass for respiration Procedure : - 1....

Aim :- To study the abiotic and biotic components of an aquatic ecosystem and understand their interactions. Apparatus:-  1. Aquatic ecosystem sample (e.g., pond, lake, or aquarium water) 2. Sampling equipment (e.g., pipette, sampling bottle) 3. pH meter or pH paper 4. Thermometer 5. Identification guides for aquatic plants and animals Theory :- Aquatic ecosystems consist of both abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components. Abiotic components include physical factors such as temperature, pH, and light, as well as chemical factors such as nutrients and dissolved gases. Biotic components include producers (phytoplankton, aquatic plants), consumers (zooplankton, fish, invertebrates), and decomposers (bacteria, fungi). Procedure :- *Abiotic Components* 1. Measure the pH of the water sample using a pH meter or pH paper. 2. Record the temperature of the water sample using a thermometer. 3. Measure the transparency of the water sample using a Secchi disk or turbidity meter. 4. Rec...

Aim :-  To estimate the standing crop and biomass of a terrestrial ecosystem. Materials :- 1. Quadrats (square or rectangular frames) of a fixed size (e.g., 1m x 1m) 2. Measuring tape or rope 3. Clippers or scissors 4. Balance or weighing machine 5. Data sheet and pencil 6. Calculator Theory :- Standing crop refers to the total amount of living biomass present in a given area at a particular time. Biomass is the weight of living organisms in a given area. Estimating standing crop and biomass is essential for understanding the structure and function of ecosystems. Procedure :- 1. *Selection of Study Site*: Choose a study site with a relatively homogeneous vegetation cover. 2. *Laying Out Quadrats*: Randomly place quadrats in the study site. The number of quadrats will depend on the size of the study site and the level of precision desired. 3. *Harvesting Vegetation*: Clip or cut the vegetation within each quadrat at ground level. 4. *Weighing Biomass*: Weigh the harvested vegetation...

Aim :-  The aim of this experiment is to determine the relative frequency, density, and abundance of different species present in a community and calculate the Importance Value Index (IVI) to understand the ecological significance of each species. Materials 1. Quadrats (square or rectangular frames) of a fixed size (e.g., 1m x 1m) 2. Measuring tape or rope 3. Data sheet and pencil 4. Calculator 5. Field guide or taxonomic keys for plant identification Theory Ecological communities are composed of different species that interact with each other and their environment. Understanding the distribution and abundance of species is essential for ecological research and conservation. Relative frequency, density, and abundance are important ecological parameters that describe the distribution and abundance of species in a community. 1. *Relative Frequency*: The proportion of quadrats in which a species is present. 2. *Density*: The number of individuals of a species per unit area. 3. *Abunda...