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Introduction:
It is the branch of science which deals with the electron flow through a vacuum, gas or
semiconductor.
Classification of substances on the basis of conduction of electricity.
Solid:
We know that, each substance is composed of atoms. Substances are mainly classified into
three categories namely solids, liquids and gases.
In each solid atoms are at a definite positions and the average distance between them is
constant.
Depending upon the internal arrangement of atoms, solids are further divided into two groups.
1. Crystalline Solids:
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The solid in which the atoms are arranged in a regular order are called the crystalline solids.
In other words, we can say that in a crystalline solid.there is periodicity and regularity of its
component atoms in all the directions.
For example sodium chloride (common salt), diamond,
Sugar, silver etc are the crystalline solids.
Their atoms are arranged in a definite geometrical shape.
They have a definite melting point.
They are anisotropic, i.e., their physical properties such as thermal Conductivity refractive
index etc, are different in different directions.
They are the real solids.
2- Amorphous Solids:
The Solids in which the atoms do not have a definite arrangement are called the amorphous solids.
They are also called the glassy solids. For example glass, rubber, plastic, power, etc are
the amorphous solids.
They do not have a definite arrangement of its atoms
Types of Semiconductor:
(i) Intrinsic Semiconductor
A semiconductor in its pure state is called intrinsic semiconductor.
(ii) Extrinsic Semiconductor
A semiconductor doped with suitable impurity to increase its impurity, is called extrinsic semiconductor.
On the basis of doped impurity extrinsic semiconductors are of two types.
(i) n-type Semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor doped with pentavalent impurity like As, Sb, Bi, etc in which negatively charged electrons works as charge carrier, is called n-type
(ii) p -type Semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor doped with trivalent impurity like Al, B, etc, in which positively charged holes works as charge carriers, is called p-type semiconductor.
Every trivalent impurity atom have a tendency to accept one electron, therefore it is called an acceptor atom.
In a doped semiconductor ne nh = n2
i where ne and nh are the number density of electrons and
holes and ni is number density of intrinsic carriers, i.e., electrons or holes.
p-n Junction
An arrangement consisting a p -type semiconductor brought into a close contact with n-type semiconductor, is called a p -n junction.
The current in a p-n junction is given by
Terms Related to p-n Junction
(i) Depletion Layer At p-n. junction a region is created, where there is no charge carriers. This region is called depletion layer. The width of this region is of the order of 106 m.
(ii) Potential Barrier The potential difference across the depletion layer is called potential
barrier.
Barrier potential for Ge is 0.3 V and for Si is 0.7 V.
(iii) Forward Biasing In this biasing, the p -side is connected to positive terminal and n-side to
negative terminal of a battery.
In this biasing, forward current flows due to majority charge carriers.
The width of depletion layer decreases.
(iv) Reverse Biasing In this biasing, the p-side is connected to negative terminal and n-side to
positive terminal of a battery.
In this biasing, reverse current flows due to minority charge carriers.
The width of depletion layer increases.
A p-n junction diode can be utilized as a rectifier.
Zener diode, photo-diode, light-emitting diode, etc are specially designed p-n. junction diodes.
p-n Junction Diode
Rectifier
A device which convert alternating current or voltage into direct current or voltage IS known as rectifier.
The process of converting AC into DC IS caned rectification.
Half-Wave Rectifier
A half-wave rectifier converts the half cycle of applied AC signal into DC signal. Ordinary transformer may be used here.
Full-Wave Rectifier
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole cycle of applied AC signal into DC signal. Centre top,transformer is used here.
[Half-wave rectifier converts only one-half of AC Into DC while full wave rectifier rectifies both halves of AC input.]
Transistor
A transistor is an arrangement obtained by growing a thin layer of one type of semiconductor
between two thick layers of other similar type semiconductor.
Types of Transistors
The left side semiconductor is called emitter, the right side semiconductor is called
collector and the thin middle layer is called base.
Emitter is highly doped and base is feebly doped.
A transistor can be utilized as an amplifier and oscillator but not a rectifier
Maximum amplification is obtained in common-emitter configuration.
Transistor as an Amplifier
An amplifier is a device which is used for increasing the amplitude of variation of alternating voltage 01′ current or power.
The amplifier thus produces an enlarged version of the input signal.
The general concept of amplification is represented in figure. There are two input terminals for
the signal to be amplified and two output terminals for connecting the load; and’ a means of
supplying power to the amplifier.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
It is forward biased p-n junction diode which emits light when recombination of electrons and
holes takes place at the junction.
If the semiconducting material of p-ri junction is transparent to light, the light is emitting and
the junction becomes a light source, i.e., Light Emitting Diode (LED).
The colour of the light depends upon the types of material used in making the semiconductor
diode.
(i) Gallium – Arsenide (Ga-As) – Infrared radiation
(ii) Gallium – phosphide (GaP) – Red or green light
(iii) Gallium – Arsenide – phosphide (GaAsP) – Red or yellow light
Logic Gate
A digital circuit which allows a signal to pass through it, only when few logical relations are
satisfied, is called a logic gate.
Truth Table
A table which shows all possible input and output combinations is called a truth table.
Basic Logic Gates
(i) OR Gate It is a two input and one output logic gate.
(ii) AND Gate It is a two input and one output logic gate
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