Mediaeval History

Arab Muslim invasion of India :- 

1. The first Muslim invasion of India took place in 11 AD under the leadership of Bula and Ubaidullah. Both these attacks failed.
2. The first successful invader of India was Mohammed-bin-Qasim, the Muslim ruler of Arabia.
3. He defeated Raja Dahir of Sindh in the battle of Rover in 712 AD. Raja Dahir was a descendant of 'Charcha'. At that time the capital of Singh was Brahminism Aaroh.
4. The heccount of the Singh victory of the Arabs is found in a book called 'Chachnama (Fathnama). Which was composed by Ali Ahmed. Abu Muasir composed this book in Arabic language.
5. The purpose of his invasion of India was to loot wealth and to spread the religion of Islam and not for the expansion of the state.
6. Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Multan in 713 AD, the Mughal emperor and from here he got so much gold reserves that Aurangzeb started calling Multan the 'Golden City' in history.He made "Almansura" the capital of the conquered territory.
7. As a result of the mixture of Arab and Hindu culture, Arabs learned a lot from India in the field of astronomy, arithmetic, medicine and philosophy and propagated it in Europe.
8. First of all the Arabs (Muslims) had addressed Indians as Hindus and the name of this country was called Hindustan.As a result of the Arab invasion, the purdah system developed at a rapid pace in India. Along with this, information was received about the tax called Jizya, Zakat and Kharaj (land revenue).Muhammad bin Qasim first imposed Jizya tax in India.Planted.
9. Jizya is a type of tax taken from non-Muslims. It was a protective tax.Muhammad Bin Qasim exempted 5 people from Jizya tax. (i)Child, (ii) Old man, (iii) Brahmin, (iv) Handicapped, (v) Woman
10. Firoz Shah Tughlaq imposed Jizya tax on Brahmins also.
11. Mughal Emperor Akbar abolished Jizya tax in 1564 AD.
12. Aurangzeb again imposed Jizya tax in 1679 AD.Note:- The only Mughal emperor Aurangzeb collected Jizya tax from the British also.
13. Jizya tax was finally abolished by Mohammed Shah (Rangeela Badshah).
14. Vishnu Sharma's Panchatantra, Charaka Samhita, Aryabhata's Surya Siddhanta, and Sushruta Samhita were translated into Arabic.
15. The Arabs introduced the practice of camel rearing and the cultivation of dates in Singh Started up.According to the Chachnama book, Muhammad bin Qasim was killed on the orders of Sulaiman.

Turkish invasion of India :- 

The credit for the establishment of Muslim power in India is given to the Turks. Turks were a fighting and barbaric race living on the north-west borders of China. Who adopted Islam after coming in contact with Umayya dynasty rulers. His aim was to establish a vast Muslim empire.Ghaznavi Empire was established in Alpatgin Afghan region. Subuktagin was the first Turkish invader of India. Subuktagin was a slave of Alpatgin, who later became Alpatgin's slave.Became son-in-law He defeated Jaipal, the ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, in Peshawar in 986 AD.

Mahmud Ghaznavi :- 

Subuktgin's son was Mahmud Ghaznavi.The one who lives in Ghazni, Afghanistan.Mahmud Ghaznavi on the throne in 998 AD.It (1000 AD to 1027 AD) the beach attacked a total of 17 times.It invaded India with the aim of obtaining funds to establish a large empire in Central Asia.It attacked the Hindushahi dynasty of Punjab in 1001 AD. At that time its capital was Vahind. At this time the ruler of this place was Jaipal.Jayapala is the only ruler who committed suicide after being defeated. It again attacked Nagarkot in 1008 AD and broke the Jwalamukhi temple and took its remains to Ghazni and threw them on the steps of the mosque.Mahmud Ghaznavi was called Boot Shikan (idol breaker). The most important campaign of Mahmud Ghaznavi in ​​India was the attack on Somnath temple (Saurashtra province of Gujarat) in 1025 to 1026. At that time the ruler there was Bhima I.More than 50 thousand people were killed in this war. Mahmud completely destroyed this temple and returned from the desert of Singh with all its wealth.In 1027 AD, it launched its last attack against the Jats and defeated them. Because Mahmood was harmed by the Jats while going back after looting Somnath. Ayaz Sultan was the commander of Mahmud Ghaznavi.Scholars like Farooqhi, Utbi, Firdausi and Alberuni lived in the court of Ghaznavi.Utvi had composed Kitab-ul-Yamini.Firdausi wrote Shahnama while Alberuni wrote Kitabul Hind (Tahqiq-i-Hind).Alberuni was a historian, philosopher and musician and his Real name was Aburanhan Muhammad bin Ahmad. Sanskrit inscription on silver coins was started by Ghaznavi. On one side of which Arabic language and on the other side Sanskrit language was used. especially.Mahmud Ghaznavi was addressed as Sultan by the Caliph Al-Qadir-Billah of Baghdad. Khalifa honored him with the title of Yamin-ud-daula • and Yamin-ud-Billah. In 1030 AD, Mahmood Ghaznavi died of incurable disease (malaria).

 

Second phase of the Ottoman invasion Mehmood Gauri :- 

Turks were a tribe that lived in Afghanistan belonged to the area of its second phase was led by Mohammad Ghori.Its full name is Mohammad Ghori or Muizzuddin.Muhammad bin Sham (Shihabuddin). It is also called Mohammad of Gaur dynasty. Munamma Ghan.In 1173 AD, Mohammad Ghori became the ruler of Gaur region.In 1175 AD, he attacked Multan and Sindh. In 1178 AD, it attacked Patan (Gujarat) but its ruler Bhima-II defeated it badly on Mount Abu. This was the first defeat of the Turkish invaders.Muhammad Ghori Peshawar in 1179 AD, Lahore in 1181 and 1185.Won Sialkot in AD.Mohammad Ghori went on conquering Lahore and its surrounding areas. It made Lahore the center.

When he took control of Bhatinda in Punjab, Prithviraj

There was a dispute with Chauhan-III.In the first battle of Tarain in 1191 AD, Prithviraj Chauhan-III.Gauri was defeated.In the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 AD, Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan-III with the help of Jayachandra and killed him.The general of Mahmud Ghaznavi was Mallik Ayaz Sultan. Historian B.S. Smith said that the Second Battle of Tarain proved to be such a decisive battle that ensured the basic success of the Muslims on India. The subsequent invasions were only the result.

After the battle of Tarain, Ghori captured Meerut, Aligarh.Made Delhi his capital. In the battle of Chandwar (Firozabad) in 1194 AD, he defeated the Garhwala ruler Jayachandra.Slave of Muhammad Ghori and commander of Qutbuddin Aibak.Bakhtiyar Khilji established Nalanda University in 1198 AD.Demolished and built a city named Bihar Sharif. In 1205 AD, Ghori did his last campaign against the Khokhar castes of Punjab.Mohammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji, the general of Mohammad Gauri, conquered Bihar in 1203 AD, conquered Bengal in 1204-05 and attacked Assam in 1206.Hindu goddess Lakshmi's marking is found on coins at the time of Gauri. The famous Chishti saint Moinuddin Chishti came to India with Mohammad Ghori. Who established the Chishti sect in India.Mohammad Ghori had no son and after defeating Jayachandra returned to Ghazni handing over the territories won by Ghori to Qutbuddin Aibak in India.Qutbuddin Aibak was given the first Akhta by Muhammad Ghori.In 1206 AD, Ramlal Khokhar Mohammad Gauri was killed at a place called.

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